Breastfeeding | Motherworldly

12 Apr

Donating Breastmilk

Donated breastmilk can save the lives of premature and sick babies, whose immature digestive and immune systems are at even greater risk if given formula milk, than healthy term babies.

Here’s an article from The Daily Record about twins born at 24 weeks, who relied on donor milk for the first weeks of their lives:

Lynsey said: “I’m just so grateful. I’ll never be able to thank people personally but I’m convinced Emma wouldn’t be here without the donated breast milk from other mums.

Thayer Prime writes about her own experience of donating milk. She’s the only donor to her local milk bank, and will soon have to stop.

Here are the details of the UK Association of Milk Banks, in case you think this is something you could do.

01 Apr

Part of our job is to normalise breastfeeding, and to fight against the systematic undermining of breastfeeding within our culture. Facebook has been deleting photographs of breastfeeding women for years, because someone somewhere finds them offensive. The Guardian and NCT have finally got on the case.

Rowan Davies in The Guardian stated that A society that is not prepared to accept the odd flash of nipple is a society that is not prepared to accept breastfeeding

She invited readers to:

try a little Facebook-busting. If you’d like to mail your pictures of nipple-accessorised breastfeeding to your.pictures@guardian.co.uk, the fearless folk at Comment is free will post them on the Guardian’s Facebook page, and see whether Facebook takes them down

And here’s what they reported:
The beautiful breastfeeding images Facebook is missing out on

Belinda Phipps, CEO of NCT, commented:
Sorry, Facebook – on breastfeeding you seem rather confused

And just to refer back to that original remark about normalising breastfeeding, The Alpha Parent has a lovely post showing breastfeeding depicted in children’s literature.

Finally, Victoria Beckham tells us that she SPENT ALL SUMMER WITH MY BOOBS OUT BREASTFEEDING …AND I LOVED IT!

Views expressed here are my own, and do not represent the views of NCT.

15 Jan

Can breastmilk be made in a lab?

This is not intended as a ‘breast is best’ post, simply a list of the reasons why it would be impossible to make an exact replica of breastmilk in the lab. There are already many, many resources on this subject, and this is only intended as a simplified list.

Breastmilk changes all the time according to the needs of the child. For example, in hot weather, it has a higher water content. As the child gets older and starts to toddle, the antibody count increases to counter the increased exposure to pathogens. If a baby is exposed to pathogens, an interaction between his saliva in the mother’s milk ducts causes appropriate antibodies to be made in the milk. Formula does not contain antibodies.
Breastmilk also changes during each feed, becoming increasingly high in fat as the baby drinks. This is what causes baby’s internal appetite control to kick in. The fat content of formula does not change.
Breastmilk contains antimicrobial and immune factors. Few of these can be made in a lab.
Breastmilk contains the digestive enzyme lipase, which helps the immature gut to digest the milk. This is why it takes longer to digest formula milk, which is one of the reasons bottlefed babies go longer between feeds.
The flavour of breastmilk changes according to the mother’s diet. Babies experience different tastes before starting solid food.
Breastmilk contains human growth hormones. Formula milk, which is made from cow’s milk, contains bovine growth hormones.
There are other ‘human’ factors which are impossible to make in a lab, including human iron. Breastmilk also contains lactoferrin, which helps the baby to digest the iron in breastmilk. As formula does not contain lactoferrin, the iron content has to be much higher in order for the baby to absorb sufficient quantities. High levels of iron can cause the gut to bleed, resulting in anaemia. Other micronutrients and vitamins are added to formula in high quantities, for the same reason.
Some babies are allergic to cow’s milk protein. No babies are allergic to human milk protein.
Breastmilk contains lactose, cholesterol and fatty acids that aid human brain development. Formula milk does not.
Breastmilk is sterile. Formula powder is not. Ready-made formula is sterile but requires a lot more handling than breastmilk, which usually goes directly from breast to baby.
No country has a government standard for formula. There is a minimum standard, but other than that, there are no rules for what can or can’t be added. Most ‘new’ ingredients are added for marketing, rather than health, reasons.
Babies get more than just milk and its constituents, when they breastfeed. The benefits of lots of skin to skin are well-established.

UK formula companies spend £20 per baby on promoting formula. The government spends 14p per baby on promoting breastfeeding, and we know that ‘promoting’ breastfeeding is unhelpful. Would that £20.14 per baby was spent on supporting breastfeeding mothers, and then the question of whether or not formula could replicate breastmilk would be completely irrelevant.

The Ecologist: Breastmilk vs ‘formula’ food
Dr Sears on comparison of breastmilk and artificial milk
Kellymom on immune factors

29 Dec

The Incompetent Mother

The majority of breastfeeding mothers stop breastfeeding before they are ready, and long before their babies are ready. I will bore you with only one statistic: the World Health Organisation recommends exclusive breastfeeding until the age of six months, but in the UK, fewer than 2% of babies are breastfed for that long, whether exclusively or not.

The knee-jerk response to this is actually not to blame the mothers who stopped before six months, or indeed who never started (although those mothers perceive blame anyway, because feeling guilty is what parents do); but to blame healthcare professionals and volunteers for failing to provide adequate support, to blame employers and economics for forcing women back into a workplace ill-equipped to facilitate breastfeeding; and to blame “society” for disapproving of breastfeeding in public.

These factors do play a part, particularly where the people supporting mothers in the early days with their newborn babies fail to help, and put the blame on the mother by telling her she will never feed, because her breasts are too small, her nipples are the wrong shape, she hasn’t got enough milk, etc etc. A mum I’ve been supporting, despite having such copious milk that she was able to hand-express it prior to giving birth, was then told that she couldn’t feed because she had inverted nipples. One wonders why she had never noticed this before. A few days later another midwife advised her that that was rubbish; in fact her child doesn’t latch on because she has a tongue-tie. But what a great way to make the mum feel responsible for not being able to feed her baby, just because the original midwife couldn’t find a way to help her.

But there are deeper reasons, higher barriers, which are much harder to tackle, not least of which is the guilt that makes open discussion so difficult. But most mothers are not responsible for the difficulties they encounter in breastfeeding, and therefore it is inappropriate for them to feel guilt. Anger, sadness, and more anger, and perhaps acceptance that they can’t change what has happened, but not guilt.

“Guilt is only appropriate when, with full knowledge and free consent, you deliberately chose something detrimental to your baby for some trivial selfish reason.” – Maureen Minchin

The very existence of artificial milk undermines mothers’ belief in their own abilities to feed their babies. The fact that we believe we must have our babies weighed and checked regularly erodes our confidence, and allows an opening for doubts to creep in, widened by the conviction that artificial milk will cure all ills: it will make your baby sleep [research does not show this]; it will help your baby gain weight [so will effective breastfeeding]; it will resolve lactose intolerance [just plain nonsense; what do these people think the sugar in cows’ milk is?].

Added to this is the assumption at policy-making level that there is a widespread need for artificial milk, which at its worst has prevented – in America – publicity about recalls of faulty products. Apparently it is better to maintain the status quo, avoid panicking parents, than to tell people the truth about the nature of the food they are giving to their babies. Surely they have a right to know?

Meanwhile the subtle negatives about breastfeeding appear in literature from supposedly pro-breastfeeding books (What To Expect When You’re Breastfeeding… And What If You Can’t?), to apparently supportive retailers (Boots’ nipple cream advert offers the information that the worst thing about breastfeeding is the inevitable sore nipples, therefore all mothers must need to buy their cream, which cures it. Wrong. No cream will cure pain that is caused by incorrect positioning of the baby at the breast; but correcting the positioning will); to – of course – the babyfood manufacturers (Aptimil follow-on milk, for “when you decide to move on from breastfeeding” – as apparently we all should do before one year, when a child can drink unmodified cows’ milk). The prevailing mythology is that a breastfeeding mother needs to eat more (500 calories extra per day is normally quoted), implying that breastfeeding takes something out of you.

The pressure to get our babies into routines that are usually incompatible with breastfeeding, which works best when the infant is fed on cue in the early weeks; added to the insistence that mothers need to be separated from their babies for their own sanity, and the idea that fathers and grandmothers can best bond with the new baby by being involved in feeding, makes a recipe for inherent difficulties. Routines, separation, and messing with the milk supply by expressing milk or giving the odd bottle of artificial milk are all contributory factors in mastitis and in perceived or actual loss of milk supply.

Finally, the pervasive images of bottlefeeding make that the normal way that people expect babies to be fed. The Richard Scarry book that I bought for Bernard, having enjoyed it myself as a child, shows one newborn being bottle-fed on her (rabbit) mother’s lap in hospital, and one naughty wakeful child being bottle-fed by her (doggy) father, to get her back to sleep. Meanwhile, how are breasts portrayed by the media in general? As sexual objects belonging to men.

Each of these points deserves far more than a paragraph in a blogpost (perhaps one day I will find the right PhD opportunity!), but surely even this brief outline of the huge barriers to making breastfeeding normal demonstrates one of the most important things I have learned over the last few months: that mothers themselves are the last people to blame for low breastfeeding rates.

Originally posted elsewhere on 15th May 2008

07 Dec

Nursing In Public

We often spend time in an antenatal class discussing the perceived horrors of ‘getting them out’ in public places. With varying degrees of support from partners, other family members, and complete strangers, I can see why it is such a huge barrier, adding to the breastfeeding-related anxiety for mums-to-be.

Recently I asked a group ‘who are the first people you are likely to breastfeed in front of?’ and the answers that came back were: your partner, the midwives, your close family. One dad objected strongly: that’s not true, he said. You don’t have to do it in front of any of those people. He was profoundly uncomfortable with the idea of any kind of ‘public’ feeding.

But if the WHO guidelines recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months, an inability to leave the house must have a serious impact on the new mother’s life.

That doesn’t mean you have to be completely brazen and bare all, on a bench outside the town hall, the very first time you do it, hence my question. By the time you are ready to go out for long enough that you are likely to have to feed your baby, the chances are that other people will have seen you do it already. But here are a few ideas to consider, that might make it a less daunting prospect:

Baby Steps
Consider making your first outing to somewhere you know will be safe, non-judgemental, and with lots of other mums and babies. At NCT Bumps and Babies you will meet mums with babies of all ages, and a whole variety of different feeding experiences behind them. Or find a local breastfeeding support group. Or if you did antenatal classes and have a group of friends, organise a coffee morning at someone’s house. If the wallpaper is different, you might feel less isolated.
Getting Them Out
If you’ve been schlepping about at home wearing just a nightie for the first week or so, you might not have thought about the impact of wearing or not wearing the right clothing.
There are countless beautiful and expensive nursing tops available, with mysterious openings and clever tucks and folds. All you really need is a loose shirt, perhaps two layers (vest and t-shirt works well), that you can pull up; and the one essential piece of kit is a nursing bra, ideally the sort with a drop-down cup. You pull the top layer up, the bottom layer down, drop the cup and attach the baby, who then covers up most of the exposed flesh.
Things to avoid: bras that are not designed for this kind of easy access, tight tops, dresses, lots of buttons.
Cover Up
I am by no means saying that a nursing mother needs to cover herself as though ashamed of what she is doing, but if it makes you feel more comfortable, you could use a light scarf or a muslin square to disguise the fact that you are breastfeeding. I am skeptical about ‘nursing aprons’ and other devices that are designed to be worn while breastfeeding, because they don’t make the process any less discreet.
Safe Places
Get to know the places you know you can go, where you will feel safe and comfortable. Large stores often have a baby feeding area; smaller stores might have a changing room with a plastic chair next to the nappy bin. Coffee shops are a haven for mums, especially during the working week; just don’t sit in the window!
Your Rights
In England, the Equality Act 2010. specifically prohibits discrimination against breastfeeding mothers. Nobody can ask you to leave a public place on the grounds that you are breastfeeding.

This is another one of those concepts that is difficult to get your head around before you baby comes along; and then after a few days of focusing on breastfeeding, may well seem like much less of an issue. But don’t forget that there is a lot of support available from other mums and from groups where mums and babies meet; you don’t have to be stuck in the house.

03 Oct

Closest to breastmilk

While it’s no longer legal in this country for the milk manufacturers to claim that their infant formula is “closest to” or “inspired by” or (yes, this has happened) “better than” breastmilk, the idea that these companies are beavering away trying so hard to come up with the perfect infant food has a fairly strong hold. As long as they are seen to be competing to be the best infant formula, they can hope that we will overlook the fact that they are all nutritionally inadequate in different ways. This makes their claim to be the best yet more irresponsible, as bottlefeeding mothers tend to stick to one brand.

It is simply impossible to support a claim to be “close to breastmilk,” because the components of breastmilk change constantly. They change from day to day, from feed to feed, according to the age of the child, the needs of the child, and even the weather. Seriously. On a hot day, babies drink thinner, more thirst-quenching milk. If formula manufacturers cannot identify all the ingredients, and cannot establish the function of many of those ingredients that they have identified, and cannot synthesise many of those whose function they do understand, and cannot balance the synthetic ingredients to achieve the same nutritional end result, then how can they possibly be selling something that is supposed, in some way, to be equivalent to human milk?

On top of that, there is the slightest teeny tiny suspicion that sometimes, some of the changes made to the formula might not be entirely attributable to amazing new discoveries about the contents of human milk, but in fact can be attributed to amazing new discoveries about what parents will buy if it is suggested to them that a particular product contains “essential” ingredients for brain growth, prebiotics, or the wonderful immunofortis. And no-one ever calls them to account for the fact that these essential ingredients were missing in the previous formula. Infant formulae are revised over 100 times a year, and each one is more perfect than the last, just as each Mars Bar is the biggest ever.

The bioavailability of nutrients in human breastmilk is high for its human consumers, because of the interaction between the ingredients of the milk, and the body’s mechanism for processing them. If one element is needed to process another, but is not available, then something else will be used, and the balance is upset. For example, too much iron causes a zinc deficiency; yet artificial milk contains twenty times the concentration of iron found in human milk, because cow’s milk lacks human lactoferrin, and therefore the iron in cow’s milk cannot be as easily absorbed by the human infant. Human iron is all absorbed, but the iron added to artificial milk is not, resulting in more waste for the newborn’s body to process, and encouraging the growth of harmful bacteria such as salmonella and candida in the gut. The guts of artificially fed children are already at more risk from such pathogenic bacteria, because they have a higher pH, because the lactose in human milk encourages the growth of friendly bacteria which keeps the pH naturally low. You see? As soon as one domino clicks down, the others start to tumble.

Formula feeding is the longest lasting uncontrolled experiment lacking informed consent in the history of medicine. – Frank Oski, M.D., retired editor, Journal of Pediatrics

Today’s post once again owes a lot to Maureen Minchin – Breastfeeding Matters: What we need to know about infant feeding and the ever-factual Royal College of Midwives’ Successful Breastfeeding. Other sources were Kellymom, and Gabrielle Palmer – The Politics of Breastfeeding.

Originally posted elsewhere on 14th May 2008

21 Sep

No Big Deal

The thing about breastfeeding is that the milk production system is dynamically stable, provided you don’t mess with it, and you ensure it’s operating effectively. The system has all these different elements that facilitate its stability and effectiveness, and when these elements are undermined or misunderstood, that’s when it goes wrong. Sadly the culture we live in is big on the undermining and misunderstanding of breastfeeding, and that’s why the majority of women stop doing it before they feel ready.

Here are some of the indredients in the recipe for no-big-deal breastfeeding.

A newborn baby has a stomach capacity of around 5ml. A teaspoon of colostrum (the kind of milk you have when your baby is first born) is therefore big enough to fill it. It is likely that the tiny tummy will both fill and empty quickly, and therefore need to refill frequently. (Undermined by the idea that colostrum is insufficient therefore artificial milk needs to be given, therefore breastmilk production system insufficiently stimulated).
Short frequent feeds stimulate the milk to change from colostrum to mature milk, which happens over the next days. (Undermined by the idea that baby’s frequent demand for the breast indicates a problem with breastfeeding, when in fact it may be normal, or it may indeed indicate some problem that could be dealt with. Offering artificial milk does not deal with this problem).
Newborn humans are highly dependent and inherently appealing. In cultures where ‘lying in’ is practiced, the newborn’s needs to be close with his or her parents are naturally fulfilled. (In cultures where governments spend 14 pence per baby on promoting breastfeeding, and baby milk manufacturers spend £20 per baby on promoting formula, such as the UK, we have tended to forget about the baby as a person with needs, and started to cast it as a demanding creature that makes its mother’s life difficult). A baby who is kept close to his or her mother is likely to feed little and often, stimulating the milk supply and growing well.
When the change in the milk occurs, around day 4, there will be a lot of milk in the breasts. This is called engorgement. It is what it sounds like. It is important to get this milk moving out of the breasts, using baby or pump as necessary. That’s because milk contains something called Lactation Inhibitor, and if the milk remains in the breast then the LI informs the body that milk is no longer needed. Milk production then decreases or ceases. It’s also because the baby needs to feed on the milk.
Breastfeeding should not be painful. Pain indicates a problem. The majority of the time, the problem is something to do with the way the baby is held, or the way the baby attaches at the breast. The majority of the time, such a problem can be dealt with by giving careful attention to these things, finding a way to make mother and baby more comfortable. If the baby is well-attached, the mother should feel no pain. If the baby is well-attached, then he or she can feed effectively, giving the correct level of stimulation to the milk supply, keeping mum from getting engorged, and consuming enough milk to sustain his or her own growth and development. (Undermined by the phrase of course it hurts, what did you expect? leading mothers to persevere through pain and misery to the point at which it becomes unbearable, and they stop.
Newborn humans may be highly dependent and helpless, but they do have the ability to signal when they are hungry (see above), and stop feeding when they are full. Therefore it should be possible to feed the baby on cue, for as long as he or she needs to feed, without pain, and for breastfeeding to work. (Undermined by pressure from ourselves or others to be in control of the chaos, to get back to normal, to have a life, etc etc etc).

I see a big circular diagram with lots of arrows connecting all these things together. The challenge for me is to convey to pregnant couples that for breastfeeding to work well and fit easily into one’s life (an oft-stated aim), it is necessary to optimise all of these elements. I fear that what this comes across as is an edict that you have to Give In To Your Baby, otherwise you are a Bad Mother Who Never Really Wanted to Breastfeed Anyway. Our modern culture clashes horribly with the needs of a breastfeeding mother&baby. I can understand how hard it is for so many of the women I meet, coming from Important Jobs and busy lifestyles where they are used to having control and predictability. Many work until very shortly before the baby is born, and it seems to me when I meet them in classes that the baby is still very abstract, and their idea of what life is going to be like is unrealistic. Perhaps we should be encouraged to stop working a good month or more before the due date, and spend that time hanging out with new mums (Hm, isn’t that what NCT Bumps and Babies groups are for?). Initially this would be disastrous because all they would hear is the horror stories, but perhaps slowly an understanding of the necessarily fuzzy boundaries of new motherhood might develop.

09 Aug

Breastfeeding: A dad’s guide

I responded on twitter to a recent post by DaddyBeGood about breastfeeding, ostensibly about how dads can get involved so they don’t feel like a spare limb. Now, there is substantial research literature about the impact on breastfeeding of a supportive and informed partner, including the paper I studied earlier this year. I am absolutely behind helping dads to help mums to breastfeed, but I think it’s a complex subject, and get frustrated by that lowest common denominator, the suggestion that dad can only help by giving baby a bottle of expressed milk.

I don’t wish to be harshly critical of the original post, but I would like to add some more ideas, and to explain why giving a bottle might not actually be that helpful.

I also want to put out there the suggestion that babies might benefit from their different carers loving them in different ways; a parent who does not feed the baby is giving love that is not associated with food. Might this be healthy for the child’s emotional development, and helpful for someone who wants to be able to settle and comfort the child without the assistance of lactating breasts?

Not a lot of bottle
Antenatally, I hear both mums- and dads-to-be ask about expressing milk, so that dad can give a bottle. I suspect that the dads are not always as enthusiastic about doing that 2am feed as their partners want them to be. I suspect also that mums are anxious about the responsibility of being the sole feeder, especially if breastfeeding is as difficult as they have heard it is. There’s also that survival thing where new mums are unconsciously determined to bond dad to baby so as not to be abandoned. And yes, of course some mums don’t want to breastfeed, and that’s their right.

But is it really so straightforward: Dad gives bottle, dad and baby bond, mum gets much-needed break?

Expressing is a chore. If breastfeeding is straightforward, then expressing is not going to be an easier option. Parents of newborn babies are usually experiencing a period of flux and uncertainty, and finding time to express a bottle of milk can be a challenge. Night-time breastfeeding can be less disruptive to everyone’s sleep than getting up to fetch and warm a bottle (and there’s no guarantee mum won’t wake anyway, either because baby cries while waiting for the bottle, or because the longer gap between feeds means, ironically, that she has to express some milk). Expressing milk is less efficient than breastfeeding, and it can knock mums’ confidence to find that it’s hard to pump large volumes of milk. It is not necessarily any quicker to bottle-feed a newborn than to breastfeed. And in those early days when mum’s milk supply is regulating to meet her baby’s need, expressing milk can upset the balance.

So what else can dad do?
To me, the idea that any carer must give a bottle in order to bond with a baby is one of the biggest booby traps of all.

When I meet new families to provide breastfeeding support, I see dads who are totally immersed in the experience of feeding their babies, and their focus is 100% on getting breastfeeding to work so that they can get away from the tyranny of expressing milk. Yes, men feel like a spare limb when they see their partner and child struggling with something as essential as feeding, but they are also learning very quickly what their part in the team is. There’s plenty of research on the benefits of skin to skin contact, and this does not just apply to mothers. Babies get comfort from being close to their fathers, from his familiar smell, the sound of his heartbeat, the rhythm of his breathing, the rumble of his voice. They get antibodies from his immune system. They get social stimulus from him making faces, amusement from him singing to them, security from his arms.

Bonding has the same chemical basis as falling in love: oxytocin and endorphins. If you listened in your antenatal class then you know how to increase levels of these hormones: through relaxation, laughter, touch, eye contact. So any interaction with your child that involves responding to their need for comfort will facilitate bonding. Responding to your baby’s needs helps them to trust you and to feel safe. You don’t have to be armed with a bottle of expressed milk to achieve this.

Dads can give mum a break not by interrupting the flow of breastfeeding, but by interacting with baby at other times. They can carry a colicky baby around in a sling or a baby carrier, bath baby (or bath with the baby), give the baby a massage. They can keep mum company during periods of intense feeding, help her to get comfortable, keep her fed and watered, and give her a hug when it’s needed.

Above everything else, dads can help their partners by getting informed about breastfeeding, and enabling them to access help if they need it.

01 Aug

Nestle Box Top Scheme

Ms Head Teacher
My child’s school

9th February 2011

Dear Ms Teacher

Nestlé box top scheme

I was sorry to read in the most recent newsletter a plea to parents to collect Nestlé box tops, and I wish to register my opposition to the Nestlé box-top scheme.

As the NCT Breastfeeding Counsellor for this area, I support the Nestlé boycott and I do not wish my son to be encouraged to ask for Nestlé products. Nestlé is the target of a boycott in 20 countries because of its unethical and irresponsible marketing of breastmilk substitutes.

According to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF):

“Marketing practices that undermine breastfeeding are potentially hazardous wherever they are pursued: in the developing world, WHO estimates that some 1.5 million children die each year because they are not adequately breastfed. These facts are not in dispute.”

Monitoring conducted by the International Baby Food Action Network (IBFAN) shows Nestlé to be responsible for more violations of the marketing requirements than any other company. Nestlé is excluded from the relevant ethical investment lists produced by FTSE4Good because of these activities, which contribute to the unnecessary death and suffering of infants. Instead of making the required changes to its marketing policies and practices, Nestlé embarks on public relations exercises, attempting to improve its image. The box-top scheme fits this pattern.

If Nestlé really did care for children, it would stop its aggressive marketing of baby foods. And it would stop promoting unhealthy cereals to children. Nestlé makes much of its Shredded Wheat, even advertising it claiming “You’d never add salt. Neither would we.” But most Nestlé’s cereals do have high levels of added salt, according to Food Standards Agency definitions. The sugar content has also been criticised. It is not appropriate on health grounds for the school to encourage children to consume these products by promoting the box-top scheme, and goes against the school’s healthy eating policy, whereby you explicitly discourage unhealthy snacks, crisps and chocolate in the children’s lunches.

I would like to think that the school will look at the wider picture: what does a commercial relationship with the world’s most boycotted company teach the children? Nestlé’s generosity amounts to a penny per serving (much less than this in practice as many box tops will not be redeemed), so you could ask children to put by a penny each breakfast to send to the school, whether the breakfast is cereal or something healthier.

I for one would be more than willing to donate a book each term, rather than have Nestlé benefit from this free advertising directly at our children, and I feel confident that if other parents were aware of the global and local effects of their unethical practices, they would probably agree.

I have enclosed some further information. You can also look at http://www.babymilkaction.org/, and finally, I would be more than happy to come in and talk to you about this interesting subject!

Yours sincerely

Karen
NCT Breastfeeding Counsellor

Views expressed here do not represent the views of NCT.

Category Archives: Breastfeeding